using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace Advanced.Algorithms.DataStructures
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A segment tree implementation.
    /// </summary>
    public class SegmentTree<T> : IEnumerable<T>
    {
        private readonly int length;
        private readonly T[] input;
        private readonly T[] segmentTree;

        /// <summary>
        /// The operation function pointer.
        /// Example operations are Sum, Min, Max etc.
        /// </summary>
        private readonly Func<T, T, T> operation;

        /// <summary>
        /// Default value to eliminate node during range search.
        /// Default value for Sum operation is 0.
        /// Default value for Min operation is Max Value (i.e int.Max if T is int).
        /// default value for Max operation is Min Value(i.e int.Min if T is int).
        /// </summary>
        private readonly Func<T> defaultValue;

        /// <summary>
        /// Constructs a segment tree using the specified operation function.
        /// Operation function is the criteria for range queries.
        /// For example operation function can return Max, Min or Sum of the two input elements.
        /// Default value is the void value that will eliminate a node during operation comparisons.
        /// For example if operation return min value then the default value will be largest value (int.Max for if T is int).
        /// Or default value will be 0 if operation is sum.
        /// Time complexity: O(n).
        /// </summary>
        public SegmentTree(T[] input, Func<T, T, T> operation, Func<T> defaultValue)
        {
            if (input == null || operation == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException();
            }

            this.input = input.Clone() as T[];

            var maxHeight = Math.Ceiling(Math.Log(input.Length, 2));
            var maxTreeNodes = 2 * (int)(Math.Pow(2, maxHeight)) - 1;
            segmentTree = new T[maxTreeNodes];
            this.operation = operation;
            this.defaultValue = defaultValue;

            length = input.Length;

            construct(input, 0, input.Length - 1, 0);
        }

        private T construct(T[] input, int left, int right, int currentIndex)
        {
            if (left == right)
            {
                segmentTree[currentIndex] = input[left];
                return segmentTree[currentIndex];
            }

            var midIndex = getMidIndex(left, right);

            segmentTree[currentIndex] = operation(construct(input, left, midIndex, 2 * currentIndex + 1),
                 construct(input, midIndex + 1, right, 2 * currentIndex + 2));

            return segmentTree[currentIndex];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the operation aggregated result for given range of the input.
        /// Time complexity: O(log(n)).
        /// </summary>
        public T RangeResult(int startIndex, int endIndex)
        {
            if (startIndex < 0 || endIndex > length - 1
                 || endIndex < startIndex)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException();
            }

            return getRangeResult(startIndex, endIndex, 0, length - 1, 0);
        }

        private T getRangeResult(int start, int end, int left, int right, int currentIndex)
        {
            //total overlap so return the value
            if (left >= start && right <= end)
            {
                return segmentTree[currentIndex];
            }

            //no overlap, so return default
            if (right < start || left > end)
            {
                return defaultValue();
            }

            //partial overlap so dig in
            var midIndex = getMidIndex(left, right);
            return operation(getRangeResult(start, end, left, midIndex, 2 * currentIndex + 1),
                             getRangeResult(start, end, midIndex + 1, right, 2 * currentIndex + 2));

        }

        private int getMidIndex(int left, int right)
        {
            return left + ((right - left) / 2);
        }

        IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
        {
            return GetEnumerator();
        }

        public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator()
        {
            return input.Select(x => x).GetEnumerator();
        }
    }
}